Microcliamte changes caused by black inter-row mulch decrease flavonoids concentrations in grapes and wines under semi-arid climate.

In this study, black geotextile inter-row mulch, a weed control practice, was applied under a semi-arid climate to attenuate solar reflection in 2015-2017, and it concurrently increased soil temperature and fruit-zone high temperature duration and decreased low temperature duration. Inter-row mulch decreased anthocyanins concentrations in grapes in 2015-2016, and consistently inhibited flavonols accumulation in 2015-2017. Correlation analysis between microclimate parameters and flavonoids concentrations reflected the importance of solar reflection, fruit-zone high and low temperature duration, heat accumulation and soil temperature to flavonoids accumulation. Basal leaf removal, a widely applied practice to increase fruit-zone light exposure, was applied to mulch-treated grapevines to investigate if increasing incident light could mitigate the impact of inter-row mulch on flavonoids, and it had limited influence on anthocyanins whereas compensated the loss of flavonols in grapes caused by inter-row mulch. Notably, inter-row mulch wines showed less red and more yellow color than controls because of lower anthocyanins concentrations.

Influence of attenuated reflected solar radiation from the vineyard floor on volatile compounds in Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wines of the north foot of Mt. Tianshan.

In this study, fruit-zone microclimate was modified by three treatments, including inter-row mulch (M), the combination of leaf removal applied at the onset of veraison and inter-row mulch (MLR-BV), and the combination of leaf removal applied at complete veraison and inter-row mulch (MLR-EV), in a semi-arid climate in three consecutive years (2015-2017). M decreased fruit-zone reflected solar radiation from vineyard floor and low temperature (10-20 °C) duration, whereas it increased soil temperature and high temperature (> 30 °C) duration. MLR-BV and MLR-EV increased fruit-zone incident photosynthetically active radiation while decreased the duration of 20-25 °C compared to M. Notably, M significantly decreased grape total norisoprenoid concentrations in 2015-2017, and total terpenoid concentrations in 2015-2016. Applying leaf removal applied at the onset of veraison could compensate the decreases of total norisoprenoids and terpenoids caused by M when two treatments were applied together. Besides, M significantly increased grape total C6/C9 compound concentrations, besides, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol concentrations were significantly higher in grapes of M than those of MLR-BV in 2015-2017. Light exposure and high temperature duration after veraison had strong positive correlations with total norisoprenoids and terpenoids, besides, low temperature duration was positively correlated with total norisoprenoids. In addition, light exposure after veraison had strong negative correlations with total C6/C9 compounds. With respect to the volatile compounds in wines, M significantly decreased the concentrations of isopentanol and ethyl acetate, and the concentrations of ethyl cinnamate, phenylacetaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol and 3-methylthio-1-propanol were significantly lower in MLR-BV and MLR-EV than in M. The outcome of this study can assist winegrowers to properly adjust vineyard managements to optimize the concentrations of desired volatile compounds in grapes and wines.

[The clinical application of whole chromosome painting probes in preimplantation genetic diagnosis for translocation carriers].

OBJECTIVE: To make preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for female translocation carriers by analyzing first polar bodies (1PBs) with whole chromosome painting probe (WCP). METHODS: WCP was used in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of 1PBs for four female Robertsonian carriers presented for PGD with 45 XX, der(13;14)(q10;q10) karyotype. All the patients underwent ovarian stimulation and during 6 h after oocyte retrieval 1PBs were biopsied and WCP were used in FISH. On day 3 after fertilization embryos diagnosed as normal or balanced were transferred. RESULTS: A total of 61 oocytes were collected in 4 PGD cycles. Of the 54 matured oocytes, 50 were biopsied and 45 were fixed successfully. Results were obtained in 40 1PBs. Overall, 74.1% (40/54) oocytes were diagnosed. The fertilization rate and good embryo rate were 64.8% (35/54) and 65.7% (23/35) respectively. Two clinical pregnancies were obtained. One patient delivered a normal female baby with karyotype 46, XX in June 2006. For another patient, the fetus spontaneously aborted at 9th week of pregnancy with karyotype of 45, X confirmed by amniotic villus diagnosis. CONCLUSION: WCP can differentiate normal, balanced and unbalanced oocytes accurately and can be used as an efficient PGD method for female carriers of translocation.

[Features of morphometry of ultrasound and endometrial histology in the anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome women].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between ultrasonographic features of endometrium and the relation of histological staging of the endometrium and sexual hormone levels in anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women. METHODS: Seventy-six anovulatory PCOS patients and 32 women with normal ovulation were enrolled in this study. Ultrasonographic examination, and transmission electron microscope were used to observe endometrium. The expressions of nulear antigen associated with cell proliferation Ki-67 and calcitonin were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The sexual hormone levels were measured by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. RESULTS: In 11 patients the endometrium showed secretory change out of 76 anovulatory PCOS patients. The frequency of secretory change of the endometrium was not increased with the increase of menses-biopsy interval (P > 0.05). The frequency of abnormal stroma was significantly lower in tripleline endometria than those in non-tripleline endometria (9% vs 43%, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the anovulatory PCOS group showed a significant higher expression of Ki-67 in the glandular cell of the secretory phase endometrium (P < 0.05). In the proliferative endometrium, anovulatory PCOS group had more cell organelles than those of the control group. The endometrium showed insufficient secretory changes in the anovulatory PCOS patients. CONCLUSIONS: Proliferative and secretory stage of the endometrium in the anovulatory PCOS group show abnormal features. The abnormal stroma may contribute to the hyperechonic images of the endometrium in the anovulatory PCOS patients.